Africa 2024–2025

Africa Today Historical background (pre-colonial period) Prehistoric Africa Early Civilizations of the Nile Valley and the Mediterranean Sea The Kingdom of Ethiopia The Spread of Islam Arabs and Traders in East Africa The Empires and Peoples of West Africa Peoples of Central and Southern Africa European Discovery and Exploration Early Ethiopian-European Contact The Arabs and Ottoman Turks in North Africa European Settlers in South Africa The Colonial Period The Portuguese (about 1550) The British (about 1660) The French (about 1830) The Americans (1835, See Liberia) King Leopold II and the Belgians (1885) The Spanish (1885) The Germans (1885) The South Africans (1919) The Italians (1927) North Africa Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia West Africa Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cote d’Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Central Africa Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Rwana Sao Tome and Principe East Africa Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Somalia The Republic of South Sudan The Republic of the Sudan Tanzania Uganda Indian Ocean Island Nations Comoros Madagascar Mauritius Seychelles Southern Africa Angola Botswana Lesotho Malawi Mozambique Namibia South Africa Swaziland Zambia Zimbabwe Web sites and selected bibliography of key English language sources Index