James Weldon Johnson (1871-1938) was an early civil rights activist, a pioneering leader of the NAACP, and a leading figure in the creation and development of the Harlem Renaissance. Johnson's first success as a writer was the poem ""Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing"" (1899), which became known as the ""Negro National Anthem."" His published works include The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912), God's Trombones (1927), and Black Manhattan (1930).