In the mid-to late 1660s and early 1670s, the Haudenosaunee established a series of settlements at strategic locations along the trade routes inland at short distances from the north shore of Lake Ontario. From east to west, these communities consisted of Ganneious, on Napanee or Hay Bay, on the Bay of Quinte; Kent, near the isthmus of the Quinte Peninsula; Ganarask, at the mouth of the Ganaraska River; Quintio, on Rice Lake; Ganatsekwyagon, near the mouth of the Rouge River; Teiaiagon, near the mouth of the Humber River; and Qutinaouatoua, inland from the western end of Lake Ontario. All of these settlements likely contained people from several Haudenosaunee nations as well as former Ontario Iroquoians who had been adopted by the Haudenosaunee.
These self-sufficient places acted as bases for their own inhabitants but also served as stopovers for south shore Haudenosaunee on their way to and from the beaver hunt beyond the lower Great Lakes. The Cayuga village of Kent was where, in 1668, the Sulpicians established a mission by the same name, which became the basis for the region's later name of Quinte. In 1676, a short-lived subsidiary mission was established at Teiaiagon. It appears that most of the north shore villages were abandoned by 1688.
This volume brings together traditional Indigenous knowledge as well as documentary and recent archaeological evidence of this period and focuses on describing the historical context and efforts to find the settlements and presents examinations of the unique material culture found at them and at similar communities in the Haudenosaunee homeland.
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Table of Contents Land Acknowledgement / Reconnaissance territoriale Abstract Résumé Land Acknowledgment for this Volume Dedication List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1 – Introduction Ronald F. Williamson 1. Who Were the Iroquois du Nord? 2. The Iroquois Wars 2.1. Pre-Dispersal Period (1609–1648) 2.2. Dispersal Period (1648–1651) 2.3. Post-Dispersal Period (1651–1666) 2.4. Occupation of the Iroquois du Nord Settlements and their Abandonment 3. Volume Organization Acknowledgements SECTION 1 – HISTORY OF THE PERIOD Chapter 2 – Departing and Returning: Haudenosaunee Homeland Contexts for the Iroquois du Nord Villages Kurt A. Jordan 1. Peak Power, 1650–1680 1.1. Incorporation 1.2. Colonization 1.3. Regional Settlement Intensification 1.4. Settler Forts and Missionaries 1.5. Material Culture, 1650–1680 2. The Twenty Years’ War and French Invasions, 1680–1696 3. After the Invasions, 1696–1713 3.1. Contraction and Consolidation 3.2. Material Culture, 1696–1713 4. Conclusion: After Uncertainty Acknowledgements SECTION 2 – THE SETTLEMENT LOCATIONS AND HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS Chapter 3 – The Search for Kenté: A Review Robert von Bitter, Chris Menary, and Nick Gromoff 1. The Search for Kenté 1.1. The Reverend Phillip Bowen Squire 2. Spatial Analysis 3. Conclusion Acknowledgements Chapter 4 – Clues in the Landscape: The Search for Ganaraské, Quintio, and Ganneious Chris Menary and Robert von Bitter 1. Documentary Record: Accounts 1.1. Ganaraské and Quintio 1.2. Ganneious 2. Documentary Record: Historical Maps 3. Relocating the Villages: Landscape Analysis 3.1. Quintio 3.2. Ganaraské 3.3. Ganneious 4. Relocating the Villages: LiDAR and Remote Sensing 4.1. Ganaraské and Quintio 4.2. Ganneious 5. Conclusion Chapter 5– The Bead Hill Site: A Late Seventeenth-Century Seneca Village on the Lower Rouge River Dana R. Poulton 1. The Lower Rouge River Valley, ca. 1665–1687 2. Archaeological Investigations 3. Site Description 4. Material Culture Remains 5. Discussion 6. Historical Identity 6.1. Abandonment 7. Conclusion Acknowledgements Chapter 6 – Teiaiagon: A Village on the West Branch of the Toronto Carrying Place David Robertson 1. The Toronto Carrying Place 2. The Historical Context of the Site of Teiaiagon 3. The Archaeology of Teiaiagon Acknowledgements Chapter 7 – Changing Continuities of Home: Outinaouatoua in the Context of Seventeenth-Century Indigenous Heritage Landscapes Neal Ferris 1. The Galinée and Dollier Expedition in the Context of 1669 2. The Context of Outinaouatoua in 1669 3. Outinaouatoua Within the Context of an Indigenous Heritage Landscape 4. Conclusion SECTION 3 – THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE IROQUOIS DU NORD SITES Chapter 8 – Drawing a Bead on the Iroquois du Nord Narrative William A. Fox, April Hawkins, and David Harris 1. Evidence from the Haudenosaunee Homeland 2. Glass Beads 3. Marine Shell Beads 4. Bone Beads 5. Stone Beads 6. Discussion 7. Conclusion Acknowledgements Chapter 9 – Come from the Shadows: Metals on the Iroquois Frontier Martin S. Cooper 1. Kettles 1.1. Teiaiagon 1.2. Ganatsekwyagon 1.3. Chadd Collection 2. Projectile Points 2.1. Teiaiagon 2.2. Ganatsekwyagon 2.3. Chadd Collection 3. Axes 3.1. Teiaiagon 3.2. Chadd Collection 4. Hoes 4.1. Teiaiagon 5. Knives 5.1. Teiaiagon 5.2. Ganatsekwyagon 6. Firearms 6.1. Teiaiagon 6.2. Ganatsekwyagon 7. Gunflints 8. Iconographic Rings 8.1. Teiaiagon 8.2. Ganatsekwyagon 8.3. Chadd Collection 9. Religious Medallions 9.1. Teiaiagon 9.2. Chadd Collection 10. Coins 10.1. Ganatsekwyagon 11. Is the Van Son Cemetery an Iroquois du Nord Site? 12. Conclusion Acknowledgements Chapter 10 – Iroquois du Nord Decorated Antler Combs: Reflections of Ideology Ronald F. Williamson and Robert von Bitter 1. Iroquois du Nord Antler Combs 1.1. Teiaiagon 1.2. Ganatsekwyagon-Bead Hill 1.3. Kenté 2. Discussion Acknowledgements Chapter 11 – Iroquois du Nord Ceramic Vessels and Pipes William E. Engelbrecht and Ronald F. Williamson 1. Late Ceramic Vessel Trends Among Northern Iroquoians 2. Timing of the Decline of Indigenous-Made Ceramic Vessels and Pipes on Haudenosaunee Sites 2.1. Seneca 2.2. Cayuga 2.3. Onondaga 2.4. Oneida 2.5. Mohawk 2.6. Susquehannock 3. Significance, Persistence and Eventual Cessation of Indigenous Ceramic and Pipe Manufacture 4. The Iroquois du Nord Sample 4.1. Kenté 4.2. Ganatsekwyagon 4.3. Teiaiagon 5. Discussion and Conclusion Acknowledgements SECTION 4 – THE ANISHINAABE OCCUPATION Chapter 12 – After the Haudenosaunee: The Mississauga Occupation of the North Shore of Lake Ontario Gary Warrick and Ronald F. Williamson 1. History of the Mississauga Occupation 2. Archaeology of the Mississauga Occupation 3. Conclusion Acknowledgements SECTION 5 – DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS AND THE HAUDENOSAUNEE VIEW Chapter 13 – The “Iroquois du Nord” of the Late Seventeenth Century: Revisiting the Haudenosaunee on the North Shore of Lake Ontario Victor Konrad 1. Archaeology, Geography, History, and Memory 2. Confirmations of Site Locations 3. East–West Regionalization and South–North Expansion of the Settlement System 4. Iroquois du Nord Territory as Borderlands and the Advancement of Border Theory 5. A Re-populated North Shore: Transformation, Prosperity, Precarity, and Becoming Iroquois du Nord 6. An Anishinaabe North Shore 7. Prospective Chapter 14 – View from the North Shore: Indigenous Imaginations, Then and Now Rick Hill References Cited Index
Martin S. Cooper (Contributor) Martin S. Cooper is a senior associate and senior archaeologist at Archaeological Services Inc., a cultural resource management firm based in Toronto, Ontario. William E. Engelbrecht (Contributor) William Engelbrecht directed 17 archaeological field schools on an Iroquoian village site. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan and is Professor Emeritus at SUNY Buffalo State. Neal Ferris (Contributor) Neal Ferris holds the Lawson Chair of Archaeology at Western University, where he is cross-appointed between the Museum of Ontario Archaeology and the Department of Anthropology. William A. Fox (Contributor) William Fox, adjunct Professor in Anthropology at Trent University, followed an amateur career in archaeology by publishing a paper in 1967 and has since worked professionally across Canada, the U.S., France, Cyprus, and Mongolia. Nick Grimoff (Contributor) Nick Gromoff is the founder and senior archaeologist of Ground Truth Archaeology Limited, a CRM firm that operates in Eastern Ontario. Nick originally trained with Parks Canada and specializes in complex historic sites. David Harris (Contributor) After retirement, the teacher became the learner and pursued a lifelong interest in Ontario archaeology which led to the opportunity to collaborate on an important aspect of this little-known chapter in Ontario's past. April Hawkins (Contributor) April Hawkins currently manages the Archaeology of the Americas collection at the Royal Ontario Museum after training at Harvard and Smithsonian Institute. April works to increase access and support Indigenous sovereignty in protecting cultural heritage. Richard W. Hill, Sr. (Contributor) Richard W. Hill, Sr., is a citizen of the Tuscarora Nation, residing at Six Nations of the Grand River Territory. He formerly was an Assistant Professor at the State University of New York at Buffalo and McMaster University. Currently, he serves as Indigenous Innovations Specialist, Mohawk College and as a Cultural advisor at FNTI, Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory. Kurt A. Jordan (Contributor) Kurt A. Jordan is Associate Professor of Anthropology and American Indian and Indigenous Studies at Cornell University. He researches Haudenosaunee archaeology and history in New York’s Finger Lakes region. Victor Konrad (Contributor) Victor Konrad is Adjunct Research Professor of Geography and Environmental Studies at Carleton University. He taught at Carleton and the University of Maine. His publications include books and articles on borders, heritage, and cultural geography. Chrisopher Menary (Contributor) Christopher Menary is a GIS professional and archaeologist, who has worked both in Canada and the UK (Museum of London). He lives in Toronto with this wife and two boys. Dana Poulton (Contributor) Dana Poulton received his Master of Arts from the Institute of Archaeology, University of London, England in 1979. He is the founder of D.R. Poulton & Associates Inc., an archaeological consulting firm based in London. David Robertson (Contributor) David is a Partner at Archaeological Services Inc. In almost 35 years with the firm, he has carried out a wide variety of archaeological investigations and planning studies. Gary A. Warrick (Contributor) Gary Warrick is a professor emeritus at Wilfrid Laurier University. His research on Huron-Wendat, Haudenosaunee, and Mississauga history and archaeology has been published in books and journal articles. Ronald F. Williamson (Editor) Ronald F. Williamson is founder and now Senior Associate of Archaeological Services Inc. He has spent most of his career studying the history and archaeology of Ontario Iroquoians, much of it collaboratively with Indigenous partners. He is also Vice Chair of the board of Shared Path Consultation Initiative, a charitable organization dedicated to moving beyond collaboration and consultation to Indigenous decision-making in land use planning. He has published extensively on both Indigenous and early colonial Great Lakes history. He is appointed as adjunct status at the University of Western Ontario and he is Chair of the board of the Museum of Ontario Archaeology in London. His primary interests are in the ancestral Wendat occupation of Ontario, the Early Woodland Period in the Northeast and more broadly in the origins and development of the northern Iroquoian cultural pattern. Robert von Bitter (Editor) Robert von Bitter is the Archaeological Data Coordinator at the Ontario Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Culture Industries in Toronto where he lives with his wife and two daughters. Although broadly interested in the archaeology of the province, Robert has recently found the second half of the 17th century both a unique and fascinating period on which to focus his personal research.
