A practical guide to adaptive behaviors across a range of neurodevelopmental disorders
Adaptive behavior assessment measures independent living skills, including communication, social skills, personal care, and practical work skills. For individuals with intellectual disabilities, evaluation of these skills is a critical tool for measuring eligibility and can identify specific skills that must be learned before effective educational interventions can be implemented. Essentials of Adaptive Behavior Assessment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders describes the role of adaptive behavior in assessment and treatment, and provides clear guidance for measurement. Case samples provide real-world illustration of behaviors and assessment, and systematic comparison of various measures are presented and explained to better inform planning.
Individual chapters outline specific adaptive behaviors across a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, giving clinicians, practitioners, students, and researchers a better understanding of diagnostic differentials and how to place independent skill programming in treatment and intervention.
Plan intervention and treatment based on accessible measurement guidelines across a range of disorders Gain a deeper understanding of adaptive functioning specific to ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, and genetic disorders Compare and contrast current measures to evaluate their strengths, weaknesses, and areas of overlap
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For individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, adaptive behaviors are the keys to independence; without them, these individuals will perpetually struggle with achieving optimum independence without the basic skills needed to function at home, in school, and in the community. Assessment allows these skills to be factored in to treatment and intervention planning, and can help improve the outcomes of other intervention methods. Essentials of Adaptive Behavior Assessment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders clarifies the assessment of these important behaviors, helping clinicians make more informed decisions around diagnosis, education, and treatment planning.
Series Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii One Introduction and History of Adaptive Behavior 1 Introduction 1 The Birth of Adaptive Behavior 1 Adaptive Behavior in the Definition of Intellectual Disability 5 Principles of Adaptive Behavior 9 Summary 13 Test Yourself 14 Two Methods of Assessing Adaptive Behavior 17 Types of Measures 19 Interviews 20 Unstructured Interviews 20 Semi-Structured and Structured Interviews 21 Direct Observation 21 Checklists and Rating Scales 21 Self-Administered 22 Other-Administered 22 Purpose of Measure 24 Psychometric Properties 25 Floor and Ceiling Effects 25 Item Density 26 Reliability 26 Validity 27 Adequacy of Normative Samples 28 Sociocultural Biases 29 Choosing a Measure 30 Summary 30 Test Yourself 31 Three Standardized Measures of Adaptive Behavior 33 Vineland Social Maturity Scale 33 AAMD/AAMR/AAIDD Adaptive Behavior Scales 35 Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) 36 Adaptive Behavior Scale, Public School Version (ABS-PSV) 36 Adaptive Behavior Scale, School Edition, and AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scale–School:2 (ABS-S:2) 37 Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale (DABS) 38 Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales 40 Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (Vineland ABS) 40 Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (Vineland-II) 42 Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Third Edition (Vineland-3) 43 Adaptive Behavior Assessment System 46 Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS) 47 Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) 47 Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Third Edition (ABAS-3) 49 Scales of Independent Behavior–Revised (SIB-R) 50 Adaptive Behavior Evaluation Scale, Third Edition (ABES-3) 51 Developmental Assessments with Adaptive Behavior Sections 52 Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition, Normative Update (BDI-2) 53 Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) 53 Summary 53 Test Yourself 55 Four Adaptive Behavior Profiles in Intellectual Disability and Genetic Disorders 57 Eligibility Versus Diagnosis 58 Adaptive Behavior Profiles by Level of Cognition in ID 60 Comorbidities with ID 61 Incidence and Prevalence of ID 62 Etiologies of ID 64 Genetic Causes of ID 65 Idiopathic and Biomedical Causes of ID 75 Summary 76 Test Yourself 77 Five Adaptive Behavior Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder 79 Relationship Between Adaptive Behavior and Levels of Cognition 80 Relationship Between Adaptive Behavior and Age 82 Relationship Between Adaptive Behavior and Autism Symptomatology 84 Relationship Between Adaptive Behavior and Sensory Behaviors 85 Relationship Between Adaptive Behavior and Sex 86 Adaptive Behavior Profiles in Toddlers and Preschool-Age Children with ASD 87 The Impact of Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status on Adaptive Behavior in ASD 89 Summary 91 Test Yourself 91 Six Adaptive Behavior Profiles in Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders 93 Learning Disabilities 93 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 94 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 96 Movement and Motor Disorders 97 Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) 97 Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM) 98 Cerebral Palsy 98 Tourette’s Syndrome 98 Epilepsy 99 Hearing Impairments 100 Visual Impairments 101 Speech, Language, and Communication Disorders 102 Summary 103 Test Yourself 104 Seven Adaptive Behavior Profiles in Adults with Neurodevelopmental Disorders 107 Adaptive Profiles in Adults with Intellectual Disability 108 Adaptive Profiles in Adults with Genetic Disorders 110 Down Syndrome 110 Fragile X Syndrome 111 Williams Syndrome 112 Adaptive Behavior Profiles in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder 112 Adults with Language Impairments 115 Assessment for Intellectual Disability in Prisoners 116 The Relationship Between Adaptive Behavior and Residential and Vocational Success 119 Summary 121 Test Yourself 121 Eight The Role of Adaptive Behavior in Treatment and Intervention 123 Factors to Consider in Developing an Intervention Plan 124 Identifying Adaptive Behaviors to Target in Intervention 126 Evidenced-Based Practices for Treating Adaptive Behavior 130 Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) 130 Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBIs) 133 Social Communication Approaches 134 Commercial Products 136 Summary 137 Test Yourself 138 Nine Case Samples 141 Case Sample 1: Individual with Intellectual Disability 141 Results 142 Sample Recommendations for Treatment of Adaptive Behavior 144 Case Sample 2: Individual with Autism Spectrum Disorder 145 Results 145 Sample Recommendations for ASD Educational Programming and Adaptive Behavior 148 Case Sample 3: Individual with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 149 Results 149 Sample Recommendations for Treatment of Adaptive Behavior 153 Summary 154 References 157 About the Authors 183 Index 185
CELINE A. SAULNIER, PHD, and CHERYL KLAIMAN, PHD, are Associate Professors in the Department of Pediatrics at the Emory University School of Medicine & Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta.
